1)
Module
approach –
·
The idea of the design is for the kernel
provides core services as well as other services are implemented dynamically,
when kernel is running.
·
Linking feature also provided by this
approach.
·
It is more flexible than layered and
microkernel approach.
·
Model UNIX salaries, Mac os x, Linux, window
xp, window7, 10 also use this approach.
·
Modern OS development is object-oriented, with a relatively small
core kernel and a set of modules which
can be linked in dynamically. See for example the Solaris structure, as shown
in Figure below.
·
Modules are similar to layers in that each subsystem has clearly
defined tasks and interfaces, but any module is free to contact any other
module, eliminating the problems of going through multiple intermediary layers,
as well as the chicken-and-egg problems.
·
The kernel is relatively small in this architecture, similar to microkernel’s,
but the kernel does not have to implement message passing since modules are
free to contact each other directly.
Solaris OS
module
2) Hybrid structure –
·
Strictly define structure
·
High performance, security
and usability
·
Efficient working
environment by GUI
·
Also new functionality can
be dynamically added to the kernel
·
There are three hybrid
system structure –
I.
Apple MAC os X
II.
Apple IOS
III.
Android
I.
Apple MAC os X –
·
MAC os X structure
operating system use hybrid structure.
·
MAC os X stands for apple Macintosh
computer operating system.
·
In this structure top layer
include aqua user interface.
·
Next layer provide
application environment and services which is mainly provided by cocoa
environment.
·
The third layer is kernel
environment which consist of two kernel first kernel is Mac kernel and another
kernel is BSD Unix kernel which provide memory management and interposes
communication
·
The last layer is hardware
layer which provide input/output kit for development of device driver and
loaded module for kernel extension.
II.
Apple IOS –
·
IOS is a mobile operating
system design by apple to run its Smartphone (iphone, tablet, ipad etc)
·
IOS is a structure on the Mac
on x os
·
Cocoa touch is an API that provides
several frameworks for developing applications that runs on IOS device.
·
Media service layer provide
service for graphics audio and video.
·
Cocoa touch also support
touch screen facility.
·
Media service layer provide
service for graphics audio and video.
·
Core service layer provide
could computing and database facility.
·
Bottom layer based on
kernel environment.
·
The iOS operating system was
developed by Apple for iPhones and iPads. It runs with less memory and
computing power needs than Max OS X, and supports touch screen interface and
graphics for small screens
III.
Android –
·
The android operating system was design
by google for android Smartphone.
·
IOS is design to run an application on
mobile device and is closed source, where as android runs on a Varity of mobile
plate form and is opened sourced.
